提起android端的webview,它既是天使,又是魔鬼。

在混合型app中它是主角,一切由它呈现,如58同城,赶集网等;在另一些超级app中亦有它的影子,微信,qq,支付宝,没有一个超级app能少了它,既能展示最新最潮的实时资讯,又能扮演盘踞一方的全功能型网站,与native结合后又能扮演诸如公众号之内的应用等等,其能力可想而知。

webview在android端的演化可谓曲折,2015年google宣布不在支持4.4版本一下的webview1,这意味着目前扔有近四分之一的Android用户因无法获得Google的支持而受到安全威胁。对于深度依赖webview的巨头开始自家的内核及上层sdk以求提升整体稳定性及其性能,腾讯x5内核是比较通用的一种.

目前大致的webview内存处理方式分为两类:

1.独立的web进程,与主进程隔开

这个方法被运用于类似qq,微信这样的超级app中,这也是解决任何webview内存问题屡试不爽的方法 对于封装的webactivity,在manifest.xml中设置

<activity android:name=".webview.WebViewActivity" android:launchMode="singleTop" android:process=":remote" android:screenOrientation="unspecified" />

然后在关闭webactivity时销毁进程

@Overrideprotected void onDestroy() {                
     super.onDestroy(); 
     System.exit(0);
}

关闭浏览器后便销毁整个进程,这样一般95%的情况下不会造成内存泄漏之类的问题,但这就涉及到android进程间通讯,比较不方便处理, 优劣参半,也是可选的一个方案.

2.封装过的webview

相比系统内置的webview的支持自2005年之后就没有了,而首推google的chrome。 腾讯的x5webview对h5的兼容性与稳定性与安全性逐渐凸显出来,并自成一系, 下面以使用x5webview为例做说明:

  • 首先使用webview的时候,不在xml里面声明,而是直接代码new个对象,传入application context防止activity引用滥用.
    webView =  new BridgeWebView(getContext().getApplicationContext());
    webFrameLayout.addView(webView, 0);
    

    在使用了这个方式后,基本上90%的webview内存泄漏的问题便得以解决.

  • 而在android4.4版本以下,会出现android webview无法自动释放,如在fragment中,使用ondetach的释放webview是比较好的时机[^note-time]
    public void onDetach() {
      releaseWebViews();
      super.onDetach();
    }
    public synchronized void releaseWebViews() {
      if(webView != null) {
          try {
              if(webView.getParent() != null) {
                  ((ViewGroup) webView.getParent()).removeView(webView);
              }
    //                if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.JELLY_BEAN_MR2) {
    //this is causing the segfault occasionally below 4.2
              webView.destroy();
      //                }
          }catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
              DLog.p(e);
          }
          RefWatcher refWatcher = FApplication.getRefWatcher();
          refWatcher.watch(webView);
          webView = null;
      }
    }
    

    其中webview自身的销毁代码如下:

    @Override
    public void destroy()
    //flushMessageQueue();
      clearCache(true);
      clearFormData();
      clearMatches();
      clearSslPreferences();
      clearDisappearingChildren();
      clearHistory();
      //@Deprecated
      //clearView();
      clearAnimation();
      loadUrl("about:blank");
      removeAllViews();
      freeMemory();
      super.destroy();
    }
    
  • 如果以上的方案还不管用,实时加入反射来清理webview的引用:
    public void setConfigCallback(WindowManager windowManager) {
      try {
          Field field = WebView.class.getDeclaredField("mWebViewCore");
          field = field.getType().getDeclaredField("mBrowserFrame");
          field = field.getType().getDeclaredField("sConfigCallback");
          field.setAccessible(true);
          Object configCallback = field.get(null);
          if (null == configCallback) {
              return;
          }
          field = field.getType().getDeclaredField("mWindowManager");
          field.setAccessible(true);
          field.set(configCallback, windowManager);
      } catch(Exception e) {
      }
    }
    

    然后在activity中加入

    public void onCreate(BundlesavedInstanceState){
      super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
      setConfigCallback((WindowManager);
      getApplicationContext().getSystemService(Context.WINDOW_SERVICE));
    }
    publicvoidonDestroy()
    {
      setConfigCallback(null);
      super.onDestroy();
    }
    
  • 对于application 级别的可能的misbehaving callbacks,加入
    private static String[] misbehavingClasses = new String[]{
      "com.google.android.gms.ads",
      "com.android.org.chromium.android_webview.AwContents$AwComponentCallbacks",
    };
    public static boolean isMisbehavingCallBacks(String name){
      for(String s : misbehavingClasses){
          if(name.startsWith(s)){
              return true;
          }
      }
      return false;
    }
    

    然后重写applicaiton类记录这些callback, 并在适当的时机删掉:

@Override
public void registerComponentCallbacks(ComponentCallbacks callback) {
    super.registerComponentCallbacks(callback);
    ComponentCallbacksBehavioralAdjustmentToolIcs.INSTANCE.onComponentCallbacksRegistered(callback);
}

@Override
public void unregisterComponentCallbacks(ComponentCallbacks callback) {
    ComponentCallbacksBehavioralAdjustmentToolIcs.INSTANCE.onComponentCallbacksUnregistered(callback);
    super.unregisterComponentCallbacks(callback);
}

public void forceUnregisterComponentCallbacks() {
    ComponentCallbacksBehavioralAdjustmentToolIcs.INSTANCE.unregisterAll(this);
}


private static class ComponentCallbacksBehavioralAdjustmentToolIcs {
    private static final String TAG = "componentCallbacks";
    static ComponentCallbacksBehavioralAdjustmentToolIcs INSTANCE = new ComponentCallbacksBehavioralAdjustmentToolIcs();

    private WeakHashMap<ComponentCallbacks, ApplicationErrorReport.CrashInfo> mCallbacks = new WeakHashMap<>();
    private boolean mSuspended = false;

    public void onComponentCallbacksRegistered(ComponentCallbacks callback) {
        Throwable thr = new Throwable("Callback registered here.");
        ApplicationErrorReport.CrashInfo ci = new ApplicationErrorReport.CrashInfo(thr);

        if (FApplication.DEBUG) DLog.w(TAG, "registerComponentCallbacks: " + callback.getClass().getName(), thr);

        if (!mSuspended) {
            if (BugFix.isMisbehavingCallBacks(callback.getClass().getName())) {
                mCallbacks.put(callback, ci);
            }
            // TODO: other classes may still prove to be problematic?  For now, only watch for .gms.ads, since we know those are misbehaving
        } else {
            if (FApplication.DEBUG) DLog.e(TAG, "ComponentCallbacks was registered while tracking is suspended!");
        }
    }

    public void onComponentCallbacksUnregistered(ComponentCallbacks callback) {
        if (!mSuspended) {
            if (FApplication.DEBUG) {
                DLog.i(TAG, "unregisterComponentCallbacks: " + callback, new Throwable());
            }

            mCallbacks.remove(callback);
        }
    }

    public void unregisterAll(Context context) {
        mSuspended = true;
        for (Map.Entry<ComponentCallbacks, ApplicationErrorReport.CrashInfo> entry : mCallbacks.entrySet()) {
            ComponentCallbacks callback = entry.getKey();
            if (callback == null) continue;

            if (FApplication.DEBUG) {
                DLog.w(TAG, "Forcibly unregistering a misbehaving ComponentCallbacks: " + entry.getKey());
                DLog.w(TAG, entry.getValue().stackTrace);
            }

            try {
                context.unregisterComponentCallbacks(entry.getKey());
            } catch (Exception exc) {
                if (FApplication.DEBUG) DLog.e(TAG, "Unable to unregister ComponentCallbacks", exc);
            }
        }

        mCallbacks.clear();
        mSuspended = false;
    }
}
为方便webactivity的debug
  • 在application的oncreate里面,我们加入
    private static void enableStrictMode() {
    StrictMode.ThreadPolicy.Builder threadPolicyBuilder =
      new StrictMode.ThreadPolicy.Builder()
      .detectAll()
      .penaltyLog();
      StrictMode.VmPolicy.Builder vmPolicyBuilder =
      new StrictMode.VmPolicy.Builder()
      .detectAll()
      .penaltyLog();
      threadPolicyBuilder.penaltyFlashScreen();
      vmPolicyBuilder.setClassInstanceLimit(WebActivity.class, 1);
      StrictMode.setThreadPolicy(threadPolicyBuilder.build());
      StrictMode.setVmPolicy(vmPolicyBuilder.build());
    }
    
  • 在webview中,对于android4.4以上的版本,我们开启调试模式
    if (FApplication.DEBUG && Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.KITKAT) {
      WebView.setWebContentsDebuggingEnabled(true);
    }
    
  • 最后不可缺少的是, leakcanary的加入来跟踪这些消耗内存的组件: 在webfragment,webactivity,webview ondestory后加上
      RefWatcher refWatcher = FApplication.getRefWatcher();
      refWatcher.watch(obj);
    

总结: 如果你只是简单地用 webview 做呈现, 使用application context启动webview已经足够了,但如果你需要webview来播放视频,处理弹窗等复杂工作, 新建一个进程来处理会更可靠.

](http://www.leiphone.com/news/201501/1NkxWlVGV1IVMUyr.html) [^note-time]:this is how I fixed my WebView leak inside a fragment

  1. [Google将不再为Android 4.4之前版本提供WebView补丁 ↩